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README.md

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+# Python Fundamentals
+
+### Learning Objectives
+
+***Students Will Be Able To...***
+
+* Create a variable in python
+* Assign the different data structures to variables
+* Write python statements using control flow
+* Write python statements using loops and iteration
+
+---
+### Context 
+
+* The fundamentals of programming translate throughout every language
+* Like learning any new language we're going to start with the basics and build up
+* If you wanted to learn English you wouldn't start by reading a novel, but with the alphabet
+
+### Variables
+
+* Variables are a way to store and save data for use
+* This is called `assignment`. You are assigning a value to a variable
+* Declaring Variables
+    * Cannot start with a number
+    * Cannot declare with special characters
+    * Written in snake case
+* Open up Python in the terminal
+
+```python
+name = "Jason"
+fav_num = 8
+turtles = ["Raph", "Leo", "Mickey", "Donny"]
+```
+
+### Data Types
+
+* Now you may have noticed that variables can hold different `types` of values
+* These are called `Data Types` and python3 has [many built-in types](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.htm)
+    * [Strings](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str)
+        * Sequence of 0 or more characters(a-z, A-Z, 0-9, !,@,#, ect).
+        * python type `str()` or with the literal `''` or `""`
+        * [methods to know](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#string-methods)
+            * `.format()` [https://pyformat.info/](More info)
+            * `.isdigit()`, `islower()`, `isupper()`, check to see if the string is a digit and so on. There are many more like these
+            * `.lower()`, `.upper()` changed the string to lower and up case
+            * `.split()` changes the string to a list based around the character[s] given
+    * [Numbers](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#numeric-types-int-float-complex)
+        * [Floats](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#float)
+            * decimals
+            * python type `float()` or with the literal `23.3`
+            * methods to know
+                * `is_integer()` Return `True` if the float a whole number, and `False` otherwise
+        * [Integers](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int)
+            * whole number
+            * python type `int()` or with the literal '4'
+    * [Lists](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#lists)
+        * Ordered sequence of items
+        * python type `list()` or the literal `['a', 'b', 'c']`
+        * methods to know
+            * `.append()` adds a item to a list
+            * `.pop()` removes and returns the last item from the list
+    * [Dictionary](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#dict)
+        * Collections of key, value pairs
+        * python type `dict()` or the literal `{'key':'value'}`
+        * methods to know
+            `.get()` return the value of a give key, or a default value if its not found
+            `.values()` returns a `list` of values in the Dictionary
+            `.keys()` returns a `list` of keys in the Dictionary 
+    * [Booleans](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#boolean-values)
+        * Represents something that is `True` or `False` 
+        * python type 'bool()' or the literal 'True'
+    * [Range](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#range)
+        * `Range` is a special type that represents range of numbers
+    * [None](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#the-null-object)
+        * nothing, nothing at all
+        * python type ... there inst one only the literal `None`
+
+### Notable built in functions
+* `len()` return the length of the given sequence
+* `help()` shows help documentation of the given object
+* `dir()` show the available methods of the give object
+
+#### Math Operators
+All math operators can be done on both floats and ints
+Python comes with the following symbols for mathematical operators.
+
+* `+` add
+* `-` subtract
+* `*` multiplication
+* `\` division
+* `\\` floor divided, always returns a whole number
+* `%` modulo: finds the remainder after division
+* The language also supports PEMDAS
+    * `5+(50+5)`
+
+#### Comparison Operators
+
+* `==` equality
+* `!=` not equal
+* `<` less then
+* `<=` less then or equal to
+* > greater then
+* `>=` greater then or equal to
+
+
+#### Control Flow
+
+* Now we have reached `if/else` statements
+* If an expression you passed in is `True` do something
+* Else do something else
+
+```python
+if expression == true:
+    run code
+    
+if name == "Jason":
+    print("That is an awesome name")
+else: 
+    print("You should get a different name")
+    
+if number > 100:
+    print("That's a big number")
+elif number > 50 && number < 100:
+    print("That's a medium number")
+else:
+    print("Your number is puny")
+```
+* Things to note
+    * Put a colon after the expression you want to evaluate
+    * `if` to `elif` to `else`
+    * indents show what code is part of the body of the statement and where it ends
+
+
+#### Lists and Indexing
+
+* What if you wanted to store more data. 
+* Can be assigned to variables
+* Can hold different data types at once
+* The values are indexed for us starting at zero
+
+```python
+my_list = ["Jason", "Anna Kendrick", 2015, True]
+
+my_list[0] == "Jason" # True
+
+my_list[2] == 2016 # False
+```
+* Just a heads up indexing through a list is similar to indexing with strings. 
+* the value at index zero will be the first element in the list, or the first letter in a string
+
+#### Functions and Statements
+
+* We declare our functions with the word `def` for define
+* Functions follow the same naming principles as declaring variables
+    * Snake case
+    * Do not start with numbers or special characters
+* Remember how we used white space to organize our code with if/else statements. Well that idea holds true everywhere in Python
+
+```python
+def my_name():
+    return "My name is Jason"
+```
+* Functions allow us to build code that is reusable
+* This follows the concept of **DRY - Don't Repeat Yourself**
+* Functions can also take arguments. These allow our functions to be more dynamic
+
+```python3
+def add(name):
+    return "My name is " + name
+```
+
+* When there is no `return` statement, the function *implicitly* returns `None`